Present Perfect
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
FORM:
The Present Perfect Simple is formed with the auxiliary verb have (or has for the 3rd person singular) plus the past participle of the main verb. Observe these examples and pay attention to the negative and question forms:
Neg. SUBJ + HAVEN’T/HASN’T +PP
Int. HAVE/HAS + SUBJ + PP ?
Short Answer: Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
PAST PARTICIPLES
REGULAR VERBS : INFINITIVE + -ED (Example: walk-walked-walked)
IRREGULAR VERBS: 3RD COLUMN IN THE LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. (E.g. run-ran-run)
USES:
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You cannot use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We can use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, up to now, already, yet, etc.
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
1. Personal experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is never used to describe a specific event.
- I've been to France.
- John has studied two foreign languages.
- People have travelled to the Moon.
2. Duration from the past until now
We use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. For five minutes, for two weeks, and since Tuesday are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
- I've had a cold for two weeks.
- She's been in England for six months.
- Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Look at the following examples:
- She has been in England for six months.
- She has been to England.
Notice that been in the first sentence is the past participle of be, whereas in the second instance it is that of go. Remember that go has a double participle gone / been. Look:
- Mary has gone to the dentist.
- Mary has been to the dentist.
In the first sentence, Mary went to the dentist and she is not back yet. However, in the last sentence she went there but now she is back.
Notice:
Last year and in the last year are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Past Simple. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
- I have seen that film six times in the last year.
- I saw that film last year.
Since / For
We use for with a period of time, for example: a few days, half an hour, two years. So with for we talk about periods. We use since with the time when the action started, for example: last year, June 8, I met you. So with since we talk about the point a period starts.
- I've known Mary since 2001.
- I've known Mary for nine years.
How long...?
The question word that is more often used with the Present Perfect is How long...? It must be answered with a since or for phrase.
- How long have you known your boyfriend?
- Since we were at school.
Don't forget that When...? is incompatible with the Present Perfect. Instead, you have to use a Past Simple, as the answer will be an exact point or date in the past:
- When did you know your boyfriend?
- Last summer.
Just / Already / Yet / Still / Ever.
These adverbs are often used with the Present Perfect.
a) You can use just meaning 'short time ago.' It is placed in front of the past participle:
- I've just finished my homework.
- She's just lost her umbrella.
b) You can use already meaning 'sooner than expected.' It's placed before the participle in affirmative sentences:
- I have already washed my hair.
- We've already seen that film in the cinema.
c) You can use yet only in negatives and questions. It shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. It always comes at the end of the sentence:
- Have the children come back yet?
- They haven't had dinner yet.
d) Still is similar to yet in negative sentences, but it is placed between the subject and the auxiliary.
- They still haven't had dinner.
- Dad still hasn't washed up.
e) You can use ever meaning 'any time' in questions, and never, both always in front of the participle:
- Have you ever been to the United States?
- I've never been to America.
FORMA:
El Present Perfect Simple se forma con el verbo auxiliar have (o has para la 3 ª pers. sg) más el participio pasado del verbo principal. Observad estos ejemplos y prestad atención a la negativa y la pregunta:
Neg. SUJ + HAVEN’T/HASN’T +PP
Int. HAVE/HAS + SUJ + PP ?
Respuesta corta: Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
PARTICIPIOS DE PASADO
VERBOS REGULARES : INFINITIVO + -ED (Ej. walk-walked-walked)
VERBOS IRREGULARES: 3ª COLUMNA EN LA LISTA DE IRREGULARES. (Ej. run-ran-run)
USOS
Usamos el Present Perfect para decir que una acción sucedió en un momento no especificado antes de ahora. El momento exacto no es importante. No se puede utilizar este tiempo con expresiones de tiempo específico como: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. Se puede usar el Present Perfect con expresiones de tiempo no especificado tales como: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, up to now, already, yet, etc.
El concepto de tiempo no específico puede ser confuso para los estudiantes de inglés. Es mejor asociar el Present Perfect con los temas siguientes:
1. La experiencia personal
Se puede usar el Present Perfect para describir nuestra experiencia. Es como decir "tengo la experiencia de". También se puede utilizar este tiempo para decir que nunca habéis tenido una cierta experiencia. El Present Perfect nunca se utiliza para describir un evento específico.
- I've been to France.
- John has studied two foreign languages.
- People have travelled to the Moon.
2. Duración de una acción pasada que afecta al presente
Usamos el Present Perfect para expresar que algo empezó en el pasado y ha continuado hasta la actualidad. For five minutes, for two weeks, y since Tuesday son todos ejemplos de duración que pueden emplearse con este tiempo.
- I've had a cold for two weeks.
- She's been in England for six months.
- Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Echad un vistazo a estos ejemplos:
- She has been in England for six months.
- She has been to England.
Observad que been en la primera frase es el participio de be, mientras que en la segunda frase es el de go. Recordad que go tiene un participio doble gone / been. Mirad:
- Mary has gone to the dentist.
- Mary has been to the dentist.
En el primer ejemplo, María fue al dentista y todavía no ha regresado, sigue fuera. Sin embargo, en la última frase ella fue pero ahora ya está de vuelta.
Notad:
Last year y in the last year son muy distintos en significado. "Last year" significa el año antes de éste, y se le considera como una fecha específica que requiere Past Simple. "In the last year" significa desde hace 365 días hasta la fecha de hoy. No se considera una fecha en concreto sino un periodo de tiempo y por eso lleva Present Perfect.
- I have seen that film six times in the last year.
- I saw that film last year.
Since / For
Usamos for con periodos de tiempo, por ejemplo: a few days, half an hour, two years. Así que con for hablamos de periodos. Usamos since con el momento en que la acción empezó, por ejemplo: last year, June 8, I met you. Por lo tanto, con since hablamos del punto en el que empieza un periodo.
- I've known Mary since 2001.
- I've known Mary for nine years.
How long...?
El pronombre interrogativo que más se utiliza con el Present Perfect es How long...? Se debe contestar siempre con una frase con since o for.
- How long have you known your boyfriend?
- Since we were at school.
Que no se os olvide que When...? es incompatible con el Present Perfect. En su lugar, debéis utilizar el Past Simple, puesto que la respuesta va a ser un punto exacto en el tiempo o una fecha en concreto.
- When did you know your boyfriend?
- Last summer.
Just / Already / Yet / Still / Ever.
Estos adverbios se usan a menudo con el Present Perfect.
a) Usad just con el significado de 'acabar de + infinitivo.' Se coloca justamente entre el auxiliar y el participio:
- I've just finished my homework.
- She's just lost her umbrella.
b) Usad already con el significado de 'ya.' Se coloca entre el auxiliar y el participio en oraciones afirmativas:
- I have already washed my hair.
- We've already seen that film in the cinema.
c) Usad yet sólo en negativas y preguntas. Se traduce por 'ya' en preguntas y por 'todavía no' en negativas. Siempre va al final de la oración:
- Have the children come back yet?
- They haven't had dinner yet.
d) Still es parecido a yet en negativas, pero se coloca entre el sujeto y el auxiliar.
- They still haven't had dinner.
- Dad still hasn't washed up.
e) Usad ever con el significado de 'alguna vez' en preguntas, y never, ambos siempre delante del participio.
- Have you ever been to the United States?
- I've never been to America.
PRACTICE:
Put in affirmative, negative and interrogative:
1)He comprado un cuaderno. I/buy/a notebook.
2) Has estudiado hoy. You/study/today.
3)He visitado a mis padres. I/visit/my parents.
4) Han venido a verte. They/come/to see you.
5)Han robado la bici. They/steal/the bike.
6) He vivido en Londres. I/live/in London.
7)Has pensado en Tom. You/think/Tom.
8) Has montado en caballo. You/ride/a horse.
9)Hemos visto esa película. We/see/that film.
10) Ha leído el periódico. He/read/the newspaper.
11)Habéis tomado café. You/have/coffee.
12) Han ido a París. They/go/to Paris.
13)Juan ha cogido el tren. Juan/take/the train.
14)He quedado con Ana. I/meet/Anna.
15)Ana ha cogido el libro. Ana/catch/the book.
16) Has traído el libro. You/bring/the book.
17)Hemos visto el partido. We/watch/the match.
18)Me ha dado un beso. She/give/me a kiss.
19)Han jugado al ajedrez. They/play/chess.
20)Te hemos escuchado. We/listen/to you.
More Practice:
Exercise1, Exercise2, Exercise3, Exercise4, Exercise5, Exercise 6.
FORM:The Present Perfect Simple is formed with the auxiliary verb have (or has for the 3rd person singular) plus the past participle of the main verb. Observe these examples and pay attention to the negative and question forms:
- You have seen that movie many times.
- Have you seen that movie many times?
- You have not seen that movie many times.
Neg. SUBJ + HAVEN’T/HASN’T +PP
Int. HAVE/HAS + SUBJ + PP ?
Short Answer: Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
PAST PARTICIPLES
REGULAR VERBS : INFINITIVE + -ED (Example: walk-walked-walked)
IRREGULAR VERBS: 3RD COLUMN IN THE LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. (E.g. run-ran-run)
USES:
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You cannot use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We can use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, up to now, already, yet, etc.
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
1. Personal experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is never used to describe a specific event.
- I've been to France.
- John has studied two foreign languages.
- People have travelled to the Moon.
2. Duration from the past until now
We use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. For five minutes, for two weeks, and since Tuesday are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
- I've had a cold for two weeks.
- She's been in England for six months.
- Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Look at the following examples:
- She has been in England for six months.
- She has been to England.
Notice that been in the first sentence is the past participle of be, whereas in the second instance it is that of go. Remember that go has a double participle gone / been. Look:
- Mary has gone to the dentist.
- Mary has been to the dentist.
In the first sentence, Mary went to the dentist and she is not back yet. However, in the last sentence she went there but now she is back.
Notice:
Last year and in the last year are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Past Simple. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
- I have seen that film six times in the last year.
- I saw that film last year.
Since / For
We use for with a period of time, for example: a few days, half an hour, two years. So with for we talk about periods. We use since with the time when the action started, for example: last year, June 8, I met you. So with since we talk about the point a period starts.
- I've known Mary since 2001.
- I've known Mary for nine years.
How long...?
The question word that is more often used with the Present Perfect is How long...? It must be answered with a since or for phrase.
- How long have you known your boyfriend?
- Since we were at school.
Don't forget that When...? is incompatible with the Present Perfect. Instead, you have to use a Past Simple, as the answer will be an exact point or date in the past:
- When did you know your boyfriend?
- Last summer.
Just / Already / Yet / Still / Ever.
These adverbs are often used with the Present Perfect.
a) You can use just meaning 'short time ago.' It is placed in front of the past participle:
- I've just finished my homework.
- She's just lost her umbrella.
b) You can use already meaning 'sooner than expected.' It's placed before the participle in affirmative sentences:
- I have already washed my hair.
- We've already seen that film in the cinema.
c) You can use yet only in negatives and questions. It shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. It always comes at the end of the sentence:
- Have the children come back yet?
- They haven't had dinner yet.
d) Still is similar to yet in negative sentences, but it is placed between the subject and the auxiliary.
- They still haven't had dinner.
- Dad still hasn't washed up.
e) You can use ever meaning 'any time' in questions, and never, both always in front of the participle:
- Have you ever been to the United States?
- I've never been to America.
FORMA:El Present Perfect Simple se forma con el verbo auxiliar have (o has para la 3 ª pers. sg) más el participio pasado del verbo principal. Observad estos ejemplos y prestad atención a la negativa y la pregunta:
- You have seen that movie many times.
- Have you seen that movie many times?
- You have not seen that movie many times.
Neg. SUJ + HAVEN’T/HASN’T +PP
Int. HAVE/HAS + SUJ + PP ?
Respuesta corta: Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
PARTICIPIOS DE PASADO
VERBOS REGULARES : INFINITIVO + -ED (Ej. walk-walked-walked)
VERBOS IRREGULARES: 3ª COLUMNA EN LA LISTA DE IRREGULARES. (Ej. run-ran-run)
USOS
Usamos el Present Perfect para decir que una acción sucedió en un momento no especificado antes de ahora. El momento exacto no es importante. No se puede utilizar este tiempo con expresiones de tiempo específico como: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. Se puede usar el Present Perfect con expresiones de tiempo no especificado tales como: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, up to now, already, yet, etc.
El concepto de tiempo no específico puede ser confuso para los estudiantes de inglés. Es mejor asociar el Present Perfect con los temas siguientes:
1. La experiencia personal
Se puede usar el Present Perfect para describir nuestra experiencia. Es como decir "tengo la experiencia de". También se puede utilizar este tiempo para decir que nunca habéis tenido una cierta experiencia. El Present Perfect nunca se utiliza para describir un evento específico.
- I've been to France.
- John has studied two foreign languages.
- People have travelled to the Moon.
2. Duración de una acción pasada que afecta al presente
Usamos el Present Perfect para expresar que algo empezó en el pasado y ha continuado hasta la actualidad. For five minutes, for two weeks, y since Tuesday son todos ejemplos de duración que pueden emplearse con este tiempo.
- I've had a cold for two weeks.
- She's been in England for six months.
- Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Echad un vistazo a estos ejemplos:
- She has been in England for six months.
- She has been to England.
Observad que been en la primera frase es el participio de be, mientras que en la segunda frase es el de go. Recordad que go tiene un participio doble gone / been. Mirad:
- Mary has gone to the dentist.
- Mary has been to the dentist.
En el primer ejemplo, María fue al dentista y todavía no ha regresado, sigue fuera. Sin embargo, en la última frase ella fue pero ahora ya está de vuelta.
Notad:
Last year y in the last year son muy distintos en significado. "Last year" significa el año antes de éste, y se le considera como una fecha específica que requiere Past Simple. "In the last year" significa desde hace 365 días hasta la fecha de hoy. No se considera una fecha en concreto sino un periodo de tiempo y por eso lleva Present Perfect.
- I have seen that film six times in the last year.
- I saw that film last year.
Since / For
Usamos for con periodos de tiempo, por ejemplo: a few days, half an hour, two years. Así que con for hablamos de periodos. Usamos since con el momento en que la acción empezó, por ejemplo: last year, June 8, I met you. Por lo tanto, con since hablamos del punto en el que empieza un periodo.
- I've known Mary since 2001.
- I've known Mary for nine years.
How long...?
El pronombre interrogativo que más se utiliza con el Present Perfect es How long...? Se debe contestar siempre con una frase con since o for.
- How long have you known your boyfriend?
- Since we were at school.
Que no se os olvide que When...? es incompatible con el Present Perfect. En su lugar, debéis utilizar el Past Simple, puesto que la respuesta va a ser un punto exacto en el tiempo o una fecha en concreto.
- When did you know your boyfriend?
- Last summer.
Just / Already / Yet / Still / Ever.
Estos adverbios se usan a menudo con el Present Perfect.
a) Usad just con el significado de 'acabar de + infinitivo.' Se coloca justamente entre el auxiliar y el participio:
- I've just finished my homework.
- She's just lost her umbrella.
b) Usad already con el significado de 'ya.' Se coloca entre el auxiliar y el participio en oraciones afirmativas:
- I have already washed my hair.
- We've already seen that film in the cinema.
c) Usad yet sólo en negativas y preguntas. Se traduce por 'ya' en preguntas y por 'todavía no' en negativas. Siempre va al final de la oración:
- Have the children come back yet?
- They haven't had dinner yet.
d) Still es parecido a yet en negativas, pero se coloca entre el sujeto y el auxiliar.
- They still haven't had dinner.
- Dad still hasn't washed up.
e) Usad ever con el significado de 'alguna vez' en preguntas, y never, ambos siempre delante del participio.
- Have you ever been to the United States?
- I've never been to America.
PRACTICE:
Put in affirmative, negative and interrogative:
1)He comprado un cuaderno. I/buy/a notebook.
2) Has estudiado hoy. You/study/today.
3)He visitado a mis padres. I/visit/my parents.
4) Han venido a verte. They/come/to see you.
5)Han robado la bici. They/steal/the bike.
6) He vivido en Londres. I/live/in London.
7)Has pensado en Tom. You/think/Tom.
8) Has montado en caballo. You/ride/a horse.
9)Hemos visto esa película. We/see/that film.
10) Ha leído el periódico. He/read/the newspaper.
11)Habéis tomado café. You/have/coffee.
12) Han ido a París. They/go/to Paris.
13)Juan ha cogido el tren. Juan/take/the train.
14)He quedado con Ana. I/meet/Anna.
15)Ana ha cogido el libro. Ana/catch/the book.
16) Has traído el libro. You/bring/the book.
17)Hemos visto el partido. We/watch/the match.
18)Me ha dado un beso. She/give/me a kiss.
19)Han jugado al ajedrez. They/play/chess.
20)Te hemos escuchado. We/listen/to you.
More Practice:
Exercise1, Exercise2, Exercise3, Exercise4, Exercise5, Exercise 6.
Be my Valentine!
Every February 14 we celebrate Valentine’s Day by giving flowers, sweets and cards to the people that we love. We do this in honour of Saint Valentine.Saint Valentine was a priest who lived in Rome in the 3rd Century. The emperor at that time was Claudius II. People called him Claudius the Cruel. He wanted brave soldiers for his army, and he decided to prohibit marriage for young men because he thought that single soldiers were better soldiers than married soldiers.
Valentine considered this decree was not fair, and he married young couples in secret. When the emperor found out Valentine’s actions he imprisoned him and condemned him to death.
In prison, Valentine fell in love with his jailor’s daughter. Before they killed him he sent her the first Valentine card in history, when he wrote to this lady a love letter and he signed it ‘Your Valentine,’ words that people still use today.
Typical symbols of Valentine’s Day are red roses, Valentine cards, and Cupid. Cupid (Latin Cupido, meaning desire). In Roman mythology, Cupid is the son of Venus, goddess of love. Cupid often goes around wounding people with his arrows, causing them to fall in love.
Have you got a special Valentine? Does he/she know you are in love with him/her? Come on! Tell him/her about your feelings!
Present Simple: Affirmative
Bueno, ya lo hemos estudiado en clase, pero como siempre, os lo cuelgo en el blog para que os sirva de 
Hey!
The Simple Present is used in English to express habits and routine actions, i.e. what we do daily or frequently. That's why usually appears with the adverbs of frequency that we saw in class (always, usually, often, sometimes, never) and time adverbials (everyday, every afternoon, in the mornings, on Saturdays, at the weekends).
The Simple Present in the affirmative is formed with the base form of the infinitive. The infinitive in English consists of two particles, to and the base form, so the verb "eat" would be in English 'to eat'. Well, to form this tense we will use only the base form after the subject, taking into account that in the third person singular (he / she / it) you must add an '-s' to the verb. Look at this chart:
You see, it's easy, but never you forget the '-s' of the third person singular!
Spelling rules:
1) As a rule we must add an '-s'.
Sam cleans his room everyday.
Peter gets up at 7.30 am.
The girl plays with her dolls.
2) If the verb ends in-ss,-x,-sh,-ch,-o, add '-es'.
He passes his exams (pass-passes)
She washes her hands (wash-washes)
It goes to the city centre (go-goes)
3) What if the verb ends in consonant plus -y, change it by -i and add '-es'.
Peter studies at Saltes School (study-studies)
My bird flies in its cage (fly-flies)
¡Qué tal!
El Present Simple se usa en inglés para expresar hábitos y acciones rutinarias, es decir, lo que hacemos a diario o con cierta frecuencia. Es por eso que suele aparecer con los adverbios de frecuencia que vimos en clase (always, usually, often, sometimes, never) y con complementos de tiempo (everyday, every afternoon, in the mornings, on Saturdays, at the weekends). Hey!The Simple Present is used in English to express habits and routine actions, i.e. what we do daily or frequently. That's why usually appears with the adverbs of frequency that we saw in class (always, usually, often, sometimes, never) and time adverbials (everyday, every afternoon, in the mornings, on Saturdays, at the weekends).
The Simple Present in the affirmative is formed with the base form of the infinitive. The infinitive in English consists of two particles, to and the base form, so the verb "eat" would be in English 'to eat'. Well, to form this tense we will use only the base form after the subject, taking into account that in the third person singular (he / she / it) you must add an '-s' to the verb. Look at this chart:
You see, it's easy, but never you forget the '-s' of the third person singular!
Spelling rules:
1) As a rule we must add an '-s'.
Sam cleans his room everyday.
Peter gets up at 7.30 am.
The girl plays with her dolls.
2) If the verb ends in-ss,-x,-sh,-ch,-o, add '-es'.
He passes his exams (pass-passes)
She washes her hands (wash-washes)
It goes to the city centre (go-goes)
3) What if the verb ends in consonant plus -y, change it by -i and add '-es'.
Peter studies at Saltes School (study-studies)
My bird flies in its cage (fly-flies)
¡Qué tal!
El Present Simple en su forma afirmativa se forma con la forma base del infinitivo. El infinitivo en inglés consta de dos partículas: to y la forma base, así el verbo 'comer' sería en inglés 'to eat'. Pues bien, para formar este tiempo usaremos sólo la forma base detrás del sujeto, teniendo en cuenta que en la tercera persona del singular (he/she/it) hay que añadirle al verbo la terminación '-s'. Mirad la tabla de arriba en la sección de inglés.
Normas ortográficas
1) Por norma hay que añadir una -s:
Sam cleans his room everyday.
Peter gets up at 7.30 am.
The girl plays with her dolls.
2) Si el verbo acaba en -ss, -x, -sh, -ch, -o, añadimos -es
He passes his exams (pass-passes)
She washes her hands (wash-washes)
It goes to the city centre (go-goes)
3) Y si el verbo acaba en consonante más -y, cambiamos ésta por -i y añadimos -es.
Peter studies at Saltes School (study-studies)
My bird flies in its cage (fly-flies)
For practice:
Exercise1, Exercise2, Exercise3, Exercise4.
Comparative and Superlative
Hi there! By now you should know what an adjective is: words like tall, big or intelligent. These words can have degrees of modification. The degrees of modification can be the positive, the comparative, and the superlative forms. In fact, only comparatives and superlatives show these degrees in practice.
We use the comparative degree for comparing two things, and the superlative for highlighting one thing out of a group, that is, comparing three or more things. Have a look at the examples below and then I will give you the rules of formation.
Punta Umbría is a big town. (big - positive degree)
Huelva is bigger than Punta Umbría. (bigger - comparative degree)
Madrid is the biggest city in Spain. (biggest - superlative degree)
Huelva is bigger than Punta Umbría. (bigger - comparative degree)
Madrid is the biggest city in Spain. (biggest - superlative degree)
It's easy:
1) One-syllable adjectives: 'adjective + er' for the comparative and 'adjective + est' for the superlative (small-smaller-smallest; tall-taller-tallest; short-shorter-shortest; long-longer-longest).
If the adjective ends in consonant+vowel+consonant (CVC), the final consonant duplicates (big-bigger-biggest; hot-hotter-hottest).
If the adjective ends in consonant+vowel+consonant (CVC), the final consonant duplicates (big-bigger-biggest; hot-hotter-hottest).
2) Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y: 'adjective - y + ier' for comparatives and 'adjective - y + iest' for superlatives (happy-happier-happiest; funny-funnier-funniest).
3) Two or more-syllable adjectives: 'more + adjective' for comparatives and 'most + adjective' for superlatives (boring-more boring-most boring; intelligent-more intelligent-most intelligent).
4) Irregular forms (good-better-best; bad-worse-worst; far-farther/further-farthest/furthest).
Remember:
[Comparative adjective + than]
[The + superlative adjective + in/among]
[The + superlative adjective + in/among]
Peter is taller than John.
A lorry is bigger than a car.
Tony is the most intelligent in his school.
Zhang Yae is the oldest among the girls.
A lorry is bigger than a car.
Tony is the most intelligent in his school.
Zhang Yae is the oldest among the girls.
¡Hola!Ya deberíais saber qué es un adjetivo: palabras como tall (alto), big (grande) o intelligent (inteligente). Estas palabras pueden sufrir grados de modificación. Los grados de modificación son el positivo, el comparativo y el superlativo. De hecho, sólo los comparativos y superlativos muestran estos grados en la práctica.
Usamos el grado comparativo para comparar dos cosas, y el superlativo para destacar una cosa de entre varios, o sea, comparar tres o más cosas. Echad un vistazo a los ejemplos de abajo y luego os daré las reglas de formación.
Punta Umbría is a big town. (big - positive degree)
Huelva is bigger than Punta Umbría. (bigger - comparative degree)
Madrid is the biggest city in Spain. (biggest - superlative degree)
Huelva is bigger than Punta Umbría. (bigger - comparative degree)
Madrid is the biggest city in Spain. (biggest - superlative degree)
Es fácil:
1) Adjetivos de una sílaba: adjetivo + er para el comparativo y adjetivo + est para el superlativo (small-smaller-smallest; tall-taller-tallest; short-shorter-shortest; long-longer-longest).
Si el adjetivo termina en consonante-vocal-consonante (CVC), la consonante final de duplica (big-bigger-biggest; hot-hotter-hottest).
2) Adjetivos bisílabos que terminan en -y: adjetivo - y + ier para el comparativo y adjetivo - y + iest para el superlativo (happy-happier-happiest; funny-funnier-funniest).
3) Adjetivo de dos o más sílabas: more + adjetivo' para comparativos y most + adjetivo para superlativos (boring-more boring-most boring; intelligent-more intelligent-most intelligent).
4) Irregulares (good-better-best; bad-worse-worst; far-farther/further-farthest/furthest).
Recordad:
[Adjetivo comparativo + than]
[The + adjetivo superlativo + in/among]
[The + adjetivo superlativo + in/among]
Peter is taller than John.
A lorry is bigger than a car.
Tony is the most intelligent in his school.
Zhang Yae is the oldest among the girls.
A lorry is bigger than a car.
Tony is the most intelligent in his school.
Zhang Yae is the oldest among the girls.
Practice:
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